AWS provides this option – using their SSO, you can link an app running locally on your machine to resources (like AWS equivalent of Cloud Storage) from your local environment. It makes debugging interactions with Cloud servlets hard if you can't do this. Surely there must be a way to do this with GCP?
You cloud set up your development environment on Google Cloud using Cloud SDK.
The following blog entry will help on how to set up a development server on Google Cloud.
Also, you could use gsutil to connect with Cloud Storage from your laptop once you’ve installed Cloud SDK. Depending on the language you’re using for your development, there are several libraries available.
Have you looked at the Firebase Local Emulator Suite - this has the ability to emulate several core Google Cloud services locally: